Sociologist: Climate and geology determine where human industry can be established. Drastic shifts in climate always result in migrations, and migrations bring about the intermingling of ideas necessary for rapid advances in civilization.
Summary
The location of human industry is a product of climate and geology. Large changes in climate always result in migrations. Migrations cause intermingling of ideas. The intermingling of ideas is necessary for rapid advances in civilization.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
If there is no intermingling of ideas, then the climate is not changing drastically. If there are no migrations, then there are no drastic changes in the climate.
A
Climate is the primary cause of migration.
This is unsupported because although climate changes are sufficient to produce migration, they may not be the only condition sufficient to produce migration.
B
All shifts in climate produce a net gain in human progress.
This is unsupported because while shifts in the climate will lead to an intermingling of ideas, we don’t know if these are net positive for human progress. Also, these ideas are necessary but not sufficient for advances in civilization.
C
A population remains settled only where the climate is fairly stable.
This is strongly supported because the author states that large changes in the climate always result in migrations. The contrapositive says that if there are no migrations (the population is settled) then the climate is not largely changing (the climate is fairly stable).
D
Populations settle in every place where human industry can be established.
This is unsupported because it is possible that human industry can be established in places where there is an intermingling of ideas as a result of migration.
E
Every migration is accompanied by rapid advances in civilization.
This is unsupported because while we know that migrations lead to intermingling of ideas, the intermingling of ideas is a necessary, not sufficient, condition for bringing about advances in civilization.
A
It is easier to understand how plants and animals are classified after learning how plants and animals can be useful.
B
It is more difficult to recall the details of a dull and complicated lecture than of a lively and interesting one.
C
It is easier to remember new ideas explained personally by a teacher than ideas that one explores independently.
D
It is easier to understand any Greek tragedy after one has analyzed a few of them in detail.
E
It is easier to learn many simple ideas well than to learn a few complicated ideas well.
A
An increased risk of stroke is correlated with low levels of homocysteine.
B
A decreased risk of stroke is correlated with increased levels of folic acid.
C
An increased propensity for blocked arteries is correlated with decreased levels of homocysteine.
D
A decreased propensity for blocked arteries is correlated with low levels of folic acid.
E
Stroke is prevented by ingestion of folic acid in quantities sufficient to prevent a decline in the levels of homocysteine.
Some clues in mystery stories can suggest both accurate and inaccurate solutions to the mystery.
Some mystery stories give the reader enough clues to solve the mystery.
Some mystery authors make decisions about what kinds of characters to include as a strategy to allow the reader to participate in solving the mystery.
A
Most mystery stories feature a brilliant detective who solves the mystery presented in the story.
B
Mystery readers often solve the mystery in a story simply by spotting the mistakes in the reasoning of the detective’s dull companion in that story.
C
Some mystery stories give readers enough clues to infer the correct solution to the mystery.
D
The actions of the brilliant detective in a mystery story rarely divert readers from the actions of the detective’s dull companion.
E
The detective’s dull companion in a mystery story generally uncovers the misleading clues that divert readers from the mystery’s correct solution.
Essayist: Only happiness is intrinsically valuable; other things are valuable only insofar as they contribute to happiness. Some philosophers argue that the fact that we do not approve of a bad person’s being happy shows that we value happiness only when it is deserved. This supposedly shows that we find something besides happiness to be intrinsically valuable. But the happiness people deserve is determined by the amount of happiness they bring to others. Therefore, _______.
Summary
Only happiness is intrinsically valuable. Other things are valuable only if they contribute to happiness. Some philosophers say the fact that we don’t approve of a bad person being happy shows we only value happiness when it is deserved. They say this shows something other than happiness can have intrinsic value. But however much happiness people deserve is determined by how much they bring happiness to others.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
The fact that we don’t approve of a bad person being happy is a product of the fact that happiness has intrinsic value.
A
the notion that people can be deserving of happiness is ultimately incoherent
This is unsupported because the author does not contest the idea that people can be deserving of happiness. The author is instead examining why we say some people don’t deserve happiness.
B
people do not actually value happiness as much as they think they do
This is unsupported because the author provides no means of addressing how much people value happiness or how much they think they value happiness.
C
the judgment that a person deserves to be happy is itself to be understood in terms of happiness
This is strongly supported because the author implies that whether someone deserves happiness is a product of how much happiness they bring to others.
D
the only way to be assured of happiness is to bring happiness to those who have done something to deserve it
This is unsupported because the author doesn’t tell us what happens if we bring happiness to someone who deserves it, nor does the author tell us how to guarantee our happiness.
E
a truly bad person cannot actually be very happy
This is unsupported because while the author implies that a bad person may not be bringing happiness to others, this wouldn’t necessarily prevent that person from experiencing happiness.