A
For the first several seconds after shoppers enter a store, they do not take detailed notice of the store’s merchandise.
B
Most of the hardware store’s customers are attracted by quality and service rather than low prices.
C
Customers who bought the Maxlast hammers last week commonly mentioned the sale as their reason for buying a hammer at that time.
D
The hardware store circulated flyers that publicized the sale prices on Maxlast hammers.
E
In general, a single item that is on sale will not motivate shoppers to make a special trip to a store.
To go further, we can anticipate some specific relationships that would make the argument valid. Any answer that gets us from one of the premises to “not run” could be correct. For example:
In order to run, something must have fewer than two feet on the ground at some point in time.
In order to run, something must accelerate in a way besides merely taking quicker and longer steps.
A
If an animal cannot accelerate, then it cannot run.
B
To run, an animal must have all of its feet off the ground at once.
C
The Asian elephant can walk as quickly as some animals run.
D
It is unusual for a four-legged animal to keep three feet on the ground while walking.
E
All four-legged animals walk with at least two feet on the ground at all times.
A
Highwater Lake is in an area of the mountains that is highly susceptible to acid rain.
B
Prior to the ban, there was practically no fishing at Quapaw Lake.
C
Highwater Lake is much larger than Quapaw Lake.
D
Several other lakes in the Pawpaw mountains have recently had increases in their fish populations.
E
There used to be a greater variety of fish species in Highwater Lake than in Quapaw Lake, but there no longer is.
Ortiz: Are you sure? Do we know whether people living on busy streets have other lifestyle factors that are especially conducive to heart disease?
Ortiz responds that there might be other factors that are the cause of the higher heart disease rate among people who live on busy streets.
A
raising a question about the validity of the study that Merton cites
B
contending that Merton needs to take into account other effects of air pollution
C
claiming that Merton misunderstands a crucial aspect of the study’s findings
D
raising a counterexample to the general conclusion that Merton draws
E
suggesting that alternative explanations for the study’s findings need to be ruled out
Economist: Owing to global economic forces since 1945, our country’s economy is increasingly a service economy, in which manufacturing employs an ever smaller fraction of the workforce. Hence, we have engaged in less and less international trade.
"Surprising" Phenomenon
Why does shifting to a service-based economy with fewer manufacturing jobs lead the economist's country to engage in less international trade?
Objective
The correct answer will be a hypothesis that explains a key difference between service and manufacturing economies. This difference must either explain why service-based economies are less engaged in international trade or why manufacturing-based economies are more engaged in international trade.
A
International trade agreements have usually covered both trade in manufactured goods and trade in services.
This gives us a similarity between trade in manufactured goods and trade in services rather than a difference. Trade agreements may cover both kinds of trade, but we still don’t know why an increasingly service-based economy leads to a decrease in international trade engagement.
B
Employment in the service sector tends to require as many specialized skills as does employment in manufacturing.
(B) gives a similarity between service employment and manufacturing employment. It doesn’t connect either to international trade or provide an explanation for why increased service employment and decreased manufacturing employment lead to decreased international trade engagement.
C
Because services are usually delivered in person, markets for services tend to be local.
This provides a difference in the market for services as opposed to manufactured goods. Because services are delivered in person, markets for services are local. Thus, if an economy is increasingly service-based, it will engage in less international trade.
D
Many manufacturing jobs have been rendered obsolete by advances in factory automation.
This may explain why the country is becoming more service-based, but it doesn’t explain why a service-based economy is less engaged in international trade. We need an answer that links the shift from manufacturing to services with a drop in international trade.
E
Some services can be procured less expensively from providers in other countries than from providers in the economist’s country.
We need an answer that explains why more services in the economist's country lead to less international trade. (E) only says that some services are cheaper abroad but doesn’t connect this to the economist’s country's level of international trade.
A
takes the behavior of chameleons to be generalizable to lizards as a whole
B
fails to explain how chameleons regulate their vitamin D production by basking in the sun
C
focuses its attention on the study’s author rather than on the study itself
D
fails to demonstrate that the study’s critics have relevant expertise
E
holds the study’s author to a higher standard than it holds the study’s critics
Zack: Those who are in student government became involved precisely because they are outspoken in the first place. Encouraging others to become involved will do nothing to make them more outspoken.
A
students should be more outspoken
B
students should be encouraged to become involved in student government
C
becoming involved in student government makes students more outspoken
D
all students who are involved in student government are outspoken
E
students will not become more outspoken unless they become involved in student government
Government official: Residents who are foreign citizens can serve as public servants at most levels, but not as cabinet secretaries. This is wise, since cabinet secretaries perform some duties that should be performed only by citizens, and no one should be appointed to a position if it involves duties that person should not perform. Moreover, a cabinet undersecretary is expected to serve as cabinet secretary when the actual secretary is unavailable. So, _______.
Summary
The stimulus sets forth several rules.
Foreign citizens cannot serve as cabinet secretaries. This is justified because cabinet secretaries need to do things that only domestic citizens can do (and foreign citizens can’t do).
No one should be appointed to a position that involves duties a person can’t perform.
In addition, a cabinet undersecretary is expected to serve as cabinet secretary when the actual cabinet secretary is unavailable.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
Since cabinet undersecretaries are expected to serve as cabinet secretaries at some times, and foreign citizens can’t serve as cabinet secretaries, this strongly suggests foreign citizens shouldn’t serve as cabinet undersecretaries.
A
foreign citizens who serve as public servants should be granted citizenship in the country they serve
Unsupported. Nothing in the stimulus concerns conditions for granting citizenship. We know that non-citizens shouldn’t serve in certain positions. That doesn’t imply we should ever make them citizens.
B
foreign citizens should not be appointed as cabinet undersecretaries
Strongly supported. Foreign citizens can’t serve as cabinet secretaries, so they shouldn’t serve as undersecretaries, who would be expected to occasionally step in as cabinet secretaries. No one should be appointed to a position whose duties they can’t fulfill.
C
only former cabinet undersecretaries should be appointed as cabinet secretaries
Unsupported. We know foreign citizens shouldn’t be cabinet secretaries. But nothing excludes non-former-undersecretaries from serving as cabinet secretaries.
D
foreign citizens should be eligible to serve as cabinet secretaries
Unsupported. The author doesn’t provide reasons to change the current restrictions on service. The stimulus simply describes the rules, and we are supposed to apply them. Not advocate for a change.
E
cabinet undersecretaries should not be expected to stand in for cabinet secretaries
Unsupported. We’re not given reasons that undersecretaries shouldn’t step in for the secretaries. We’re given reasons a foreign citizen should not serve as an undersecretary or secretary. The stimulus doesn’t give us enough to infer that rules should be changed.