Pedro: Accepting a donation does not oblige the university to give the donor any special privileges. If it did, then it wouldn’t really be a charitable contribution. We should award the contract to whatever company makes the most competitive bid.
A
loyalty should sometimes be a consideration in making business decisions
B
the Pincus family and their construction company donated money for the purpose of acquiring special privileges from the university
C
the acceptance of donations places a university under a special obligation to the donor
D
the university should be more grateful to donors with a long history of financial support than to new donors
E
the Pincus family’s construction company did not make the most competitive bid
From 1880 to 2000 Britain’s economy grew fivefold, but emissions of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, were the same on a per capita basis in Britain in 2000 as they were in 1880.
Summary
From 1880 to 2000 Britain’s economy grew fivefold, but emissions of carbon dioxide were the same on a per capita basis in Britain in 2000 as they were in 1880.
Notable Valid Inferences
Economic growth does not always increase per capita emissions of carbon dioxide.
A
A decrease in per capita emissions of carbon dioxide never occurs during a period of economic growth.
Could be true. To say that this never occurs is too extreme. It is possible that between 1880 and 2000, per capita emissions fluctuated only to become the same at the end of the stated time period.
B
Countries whose economies are growing slowly or not at all usually cannot afford to enact laws restricting carbon dioxide emissions.
Could be true. The information in the stimulus is limited to the country of Britain. Britain’s economy grew fivefold between 1880 and 2000, and we cannot assume that this rate is slow for economic growth.
C
Economic growth initially leads to increased per capita emissions of greenhouse gases, but eventually new technologies are developed that tend to reduce these emissions.
Could be true. It is possible that between 1880 and 2000, per capita emissions fluctuated only to become the same at the end of the stated time period.
D
As the world’s population grows, emissions of greenhouse gases will increase proportionately.
Could be true. The information in the stimulus is restricted to the country of Britain. It is possible that the world’s population experienced a different overall outcome from economic growth than Britain.
E
Economic growth always increases household income and consumption, which inevitably increases per capita emissions of carbon dioxide.
Must be false. The stimulus tells us that even though Britain’s economy grew, per capita emissions remained the same. Therefore, it is not always the case that economic growth increases per capita emissions.
Modest amounts of exercise can produce a dramatic improvement in cardiovascular health. One should exercise most days of the week, but one need only do the equivalent of half an hour of brisk walking on those days to obtain cardiovascular health benefits. More vigorous exercise is more effective, but a strenuous workout is not absolutely necessary.
Summary
Modest amounts of exercise can greatly improve heart health. You should exercise most days, but the equivalent of just 30 minutes of brisk walking on those days is enough to see benefits. More intense exercise works better, but a hard workout isn’t required.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
Because they’re more effective than modest exercise, strenuous workouts most days of the week can also dramatically improve heart health.
Improving heart health does not require strenuous exercise or time-consuming workouts.
A
Having a strenuous workout most days of the week can produce a dramatic improvement in cardiovascular health.
Strongly supported. Modest amounts of exercise most days of the week can dramatically improve heart health. Strenuous exercise is more effective than modest exercise. So, having a strenuous workout most days of the week can dramatically improve heart health.
B
Doing the equivalent of an hour of brisk walking two or three times a week generally produces dramatic improvements in cardiovascular health.
Unsupported. We’re told that doing the equivalent of 30 minutes of brisk walking most days of the week (at least 4 days) can improve heart health. We don’t know that doing the equivalent of an hour of brisk walking 2-3 times a week could produce the same improvements.
C
It is possible to obtain at least as great an improvement in cardiovascular health from doing the equivalent of half an hour of brisk walking most days of the week as from having a strenuous workout most days of the week.
Anti-supported. We’re told that strenuous exercise is more effective than modest exercise. So we cannot conclude that it’s possible to obtain at least as great an improvement in heart health from modest exercise as from strenuous exercise.
D
Aside from exercise, there is no way of improving one’s cardiovascular health.
Unsupported. We know that exercise can improve cardiovascular health, but we do not know that it’s the only way to improve cardiovascular health.
E
To obtain a dramatic improvement in one’s cardiovascular health, one must exercise strenuously at least occasionally.
Anti-supported. We’re told that modest amounts of exercise can produce a dramatic improvement in cardiovascular health and that although more vigorous exercise is more effective, “a strenuous workout is not absolutely necessary.”