Zoos have served both as educational resources and as entertainment. Unfortunately, removing animals from their natural habitats to stock the earliest zoos reduced certain species’ populations, endangering their survival. Today most new zoo animals are obtained from captive breeding programs, and many zoos now maintain breeding stocks for continued propagation of various species. This makes possible efforts to reestablish endangered species in the wild.

Summary
Zoos are both educational and entertaining. However, removing animals from their natural habitats to populate the earliest zoos caused some species’ populations to reduce and endangered their survival. Today, most new zoo animals are bred from captive breeding programs. These programs make possible efforts to restore populations of endangered species in the wild.

Strongly Supported Conclusions
At least some animals bred through captive breeding programs are of an endangered species.

A
Zoos have played an essential role in educating the public about endangered species.
We don’t know whether zoos have played an essential role or not. We only know that zoos have served as an educational resource. Additionally, we don’t know whether these educational resources were specific to endangered species.
B
Some specimens of endangered species are born and bred in zoos.
If captive breeding programs make reestablishing endangered species in the wild possible, it must be that zoos are breeding at least some species of endangered animals.
C
No zoos exploit wild animals or endanger the survival of species.
We don’t know whether there isn’t any zoo that exploits wild animals. We know that most new zoo animals are obtained through breeding programs, but not all of them.
D
Nearly all of the animals in zoos today were born in captivity.
We don’t know whether nearly all zoo animals were born in captivity. We know that most new zoo animals are obtained through breeding programs, but “most” could mean as little as 51 percent of animals.
E
The main purpose of zoos has shifted from entertainment to education.
We don’t know what would be the main purpose of zoos. We only know that they have served as educational resources and as entertainment.

71 comments

This question presumes knowledge of these lessons on Lawgic:
https://classic.7sage.com/lesson/contrapositives-demorgans-law

https://classic.7sage.com/lesson/advanced-negate-some-statements

Don't worry if this question was tough. If you got it right, then you should feel great about yourself!


81 comments

Essayist: Wisdom and intelligence are desirable qualities. However, being intelligent does not imply that one is wise, nor does being wise imply that one is intelligent. In my own experience, the people I meet have one or the other of these qualities but not both.

Summary

Wisdom and intelligence are desirable.

Someone can be intelligent, but not wise.

Someone can be wise, but not intelligent.

In the speaker’s experience, people she meets have either intelligence or wisdom, but not both.

Notable Valid Inferences

Some people do not have both intelligence and wisdom.

A
Most people are neither intelligent nor wise.

Could be true. It’s possible most, or even all people in the world do not have both wisdom and intelligence. None of the facts indicates that there must be someone who has both wisdom and intelligence.

B
Most people are both intelligent and wise.

Could be true. Although (B) would be false if it were limited to the people the stimulus’s author has met, (B) isn’t limited to those people. Most people in the world could be both — the author just hasn’t met them.

C
No one is both wise and intelligent.

Could be true. The stimulus doesn’t say anything indicating that there must be at least one person who is both wise and intelligent. It’s possible nobody has both wisdom and intelligence.

D
No one is either wise or intelligent.

Must be false. The author said she knows people who have one of the qualities of wisdom or intelligence, but not both. That means there’s at least one person out there who has wisdom or intelligence..

E
Many people are intelligent and yet lack wisdom.

Could be true. The author said she knows people who have wisdom or intelligence, but not both. It’s possible many of those people are intelligent, but don’t have wisdom.

This question presumes knowledge of these lessons on Lawgic:
https://classic.7sage.com/lesson/contrapositives-demorgans-law

https://classic.7sage.com/lesson/advanced-negate-some-statements

Don't worry if this question was tough. If you got it right, then you should feel great about yourself!


93 comments

Notice to subscribers: In order for us to provide you with efficient and reliable newspaper service, please note the following policies. You will be billed for home delivery every four weeks, in advance. If you do not receive delivery, call us promptly to receive a replacement copy. Credit can be given only if the missed copy is reported to us within twenty-four hours and only if a replacement copy is unavailable. Request for temporary nondelivery must be made at least three days prior to the first day on which delivery is to stop. No subscription will be canceled unless the subscriber explicitly requests the cancellation beforehand and in writing.

The Daily Gazette

Summary

The stimulus can be diagrammed as follows:

Notable Valid Inferences

This is a MBT Except question. For this question, all the wrong answers must be true (i.e., the denials can be justified), and the right answer must be false (i.e., the denial cannot be justified). We are looking for an answer choice that describes a subscriber who fulfilled all the requirements to be granted their request but was still denied.

A
Mr. Rathanan did not send in his advance payment two weeks ago; he states that his inaction was intended as cancellation and requests that he not be charged for the past two weeks of delivery of The Daily Gazette.

This denial is justified. A written request must be made beforehand to cancel a subscription, and Mr. Rathanan did not fulfill this requirement. We can also see this relationship by taking the contrapositive of the last conditional statement in the stimulus.

B
Dr. Broder called The Daily Gazette Monday morning to report that her Sunday edition had not been delivered; she requests credit instead of the offered replacement copy.

This denial is justified. A credit will only be offered if a replacement copy is unavailable. Because a replacement copy was available, a credit cannot be offered. We can also see this relationship by taking the contrapositive of the second conditional statement in the stimulus.

C
The Daily Gazette was delivered to Ms. Herrera during her one-week vacation even though she called on a Wednesday to stop delivery the following Monday for the entire week; she requests credit for the full week’s delivery.

This denial is not justified. Ms. Herrera requested temporary nondelivery more than three days before the first day she wanted delivery to stop, fulfilling the requirements for requesting temporary nondelivery. Based on the stimulus, there is no reason for her claim to be denied.

D
Although Ms. Jackson telephoned The Daily Gazette at the beginning of June requesting that her subscription be canceled on June 30, delivery was continued until July 3 when she called to complain; she requests that she not be charged for the papers delivered in July.

While Ms. Jackson did request her subscription be cancelled in advance, she did not make this request in writing. Therefore, the denial is justified. We can also see this relationship by taking the contrapositive of the last conditional statement in the stimulus.

E
Ms. Silverman was out of town on Sunday and Monday and when she returned on Tuesday she found that her Sunday edition had not been delivered; she called The Daily Gazette on Tuesday afternoon requesting credit for the undelivered copy.

This denial is justified. As we can see from the second conditional statement in the stimulus, a missing copy should be reported within 24 hours. Ms. Silverman failed to meet this condition, which implies the denial is justified.


64 comments

Poppy petals function to attract pollinating insects. The pollination of a poppy flower triggers the release into that flower of a substance that causes its petals to wilt within one or two days. If the flower is not pollinated, the substance will not be released and the petals will remain fresh for a week or longer, as long as the plant can nourish them. Cutting an unpollinated poppy flower from the plant triggers the release into the flower of the same substance whose release is triggered by pollination.

Summary
Poppy petals attract pollinating insects. When a poppy flower is pollinated, a substance is released that causes the petals to wilt in one to two days. If a flower is not pollinated then if the plant can nourish the petals, they will remain fresh for a week or more and the substance is not released. Cutting an unpollinated poppy flower from the plant causes the same substance to be released that is released by pollination.

Strongly Supported Conclusions
Cutting a poppy flower from the plant can cause it to wilt even if it was not pollinated.

A
Pollinating insects are not attracted to wilted poppy flowers.
This is unsupported because the stimulus fails to provide us with any indication of what pollinating insects are drawn to or how the wilting flowers affect pollinators’ behavior.
B
Even if cut poppies are given all necessary nutrients, their petals will tend to wilt within a few days.
This is strongly supported because cutting poppy flowers triggers the release of the substance that causes wilting in pollinated flowers. Since the substance causes wilting in one to two days, we can expect this same outcome.
C
Flowers of all plants release the substance that causes wilting when they are cut, although the amount released may vary.
This is unsupported because the stimulus only discusses poppy plants, so we don’t know if other plants have this same substance.
D
The pollen on pollinated poppy flowers prevents their petals from absorbing the nutrients carried to them by their stems.
This is unsupported because the stimulus states nothing about the relationship between pollination and nutrients. Even though the petals wilt after pollination, they may still receive nutrients.
E
Poppy plants are unable to draw nutrients from soil or water after the substance that causes wilting has been released.
This is unsupported because while we know that poppy seeds wilt after the substance is released, they may still be drawing nutrients from the soil. We don’t know the connection between wilting and nutrients.

57 comments