Summary
Dairy farmers use BST to boost cow milk production. Some people oppose BST because it puts cows at a higher risk of infection. A higher risk of infections leads to more frequent use of antibiotics, which could appear in milk and be harmful at high levels. Milk from BST and non-BST cows is regularly screened for antibiotics.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
If BST milk is not screened, it cannot be regarded as 100% safe.
If it is safe, then the milk has been scanned.
If it is safe, then the milk has been scanned.
A
Consumer groups have no legitimate reasons for opposing the use of BST.
This is anti-supported. The stimulus explains that some groups are opposed due to the presence of antibodies, which can be dangerous to humans.
B
Milk from BST-treated cows is as safe for human consumption as that from untreated cows.
This is anti-supported. The stimulus raises concerns about the potential for high amounts of antibiotics to be in BST milk.
C
There is no advantage to the use of BST on dairy cows.
This is anti-supported. The stimulus details that BST boosts milk production.
D
Milk from BST-treated cows can be presumed safe for humans only if it is successfully screened for high levels of antibiotics.
The stimulus explains that the notable difference between BST and non-BST milk is the potential increased concentration of antibiotics. Thus, if it is safe for humans, it must have been screened for antibiotics.
E
The only threat posed by drinking milk from cows treated with BST is high levels of antibiotics.
This is too strong to support. The stimulus does not claim that a heightened level of antibiotics is the *only* threat posed by BST milk, just that it is one of them.
Summarize Argument
Attributing the quality of praise or blame to a group must be translated into a statement about individuals. Why? Because groups cannot be worthy of praise or blame. Blameworthiness requires conscience and agency. Nations and families, for example, possess neither of these qualities.
Identify Argument Part
The claim in the third sentence is used as support for a sub-conclusion, which supports the Philosopher’s main conclusion.
A
It is an intermediate conclusion offered as direct support for the argument’s main conclusion.
The claim is not a sub-conclusion. The claim is used as support for a sub-conclusion in the Philosopher’s argument.
B
It is offered as support for an intermediate conclusion that is in turn offered as direct support for the argument’s main conclusion.
The claim supports a sub-conclusion in the Philosopher’s argument.
C
It is cited as an implication of the main conclusion drawn in the argument.
The claim is not an implication the Philosopher is inferring. The claim is stated as fact.
D
It is cited as an instance of a general conclusion drawn in the argument.
The claim does not directly support the Philosopher’s main conclusion.
E
It is the main conclusion drawn in the argument.
The claim is not the Philosopher’s main conclusion.
Summary
Researchers staged a crime and showed a video of it to test subjects. A lineup of “suspects” was then shown to the test subjects. The person playing the criminal in the video was not in this lineup. When the test subjects were not told the suspect may not be in the lineup, most of them misidentified a person in the lineup as the criminal. When the test subjects were told that the suspect may not be in the lineup, less than half of them misidentified a person in the lineup as the criminal.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
The more likely people expect to see something, the more likely people are to think they see something not actually there.
A
Eyewitnesses are no more likely to accurately select a suspect from a lineup than are people who are given an accurate verbal description of the suspect.
This answer is unsupported. There was not a test group in the stimulus where people were given a vernal description of the suspect.
B
People tend to want to satisfy the stated expectations of those who ask them for information.
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus whether the researchers stated to the test subjects that they expected them to identify the suspect in the lineup.
C
When specifically directed by a person of authority to say that something is among a group of things when it is not, most people will comply.
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus whether the researchers specifically directed the test subjects in this way.
D
People fail to recognize the physical similarities among a group of people unless they are given information in addition to visual clues.
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus whether the test subjects failed to recognize any similarities between people.
E
People are less likely to think they see something that is not actually present the less they expect to see it.
This answer is strongly supported. This would explain the effect of the amount of misidentifications decreasing after the information told to the test subjects by the researchers.
Archaeologist: The people who lived in this area deposited their rubbish in pits near their dwellings. Some claim that the rubbish found in those pits provides great insight into the possessions these people had, but this rubbish by itself actually tells us relatively little about those possessions; among other reasons, the pits have been subject to erosion over long periods of time, with destructive effects on the rubbish within.
Summarize Argument
The archaeologist concludes that the rubbish found in pits near old dwellings reveals little about the possessions of the people who once lived there. She supports by saying that the pits have been eroded over time, damaging the rubbish inside.
Notable Assumptions
The archaeologist assumes that the erosion has damaged the rubbish in the pits so much that it no longer provides much information about the possessions of the people who lived there. She also assumes that any rubbish that didn't decay or erode is either gone or else is not enough on its own to reveal much about the people’s possessions.
A
The pits contain certain tools not found in dwellings or at other above-ground locations.
This weakens the argument because, if the pits contain tools found nowhere else in the dwellings, then they do provide some great insight into the possessions that the people had.
B
Scavengers routinely salvaged the most durable items from the rubbish pits.
This addresses the assumption that items less affected by erosion are either gone or else don't provide much insight. If scavengers took the most durable items and only the most eroded ones are left, it makes sense that the pits may not reveal much about the people's possessions.
C
The soil surrounding the rubbish pits was sometimes removed for the manufacture of bricks.
This is irrelevant because we don’t know if removing the soil around the pits would have had an effect on the rubbish inside the pits.
D
The pits in which the rubbish was deposited had earlier been used by this group of people as burial sites.
The argument only focuses on the pits being used for rubbish and what that rubbish shows about the people's possessions. Previous uses of the pits are not relevant because we don't know how, if at all, they would have affected the rubbish.
E
Certain types of items were never discarded by members of this group of people.
The argument only addresses what the items that are in the rubbish pits reveal about the people’s possessions. While there are likely many other items that are not in the pits that also provide information, they are not relevant to the argument.
Summary
If a novelist is popular, then he or she can vividly imagine large numbers of characters with different personalities and attitudes. A popular novelist is also capable of empathizing with people who have different goals, and will have some doubts about the genuine value of his or her own desires.
Notable Valid Inferences
For MBT-Except questions, the wrong answers are all Could Be True. The one right answer Must Be False.
Some novelists who can vividly imagine large numbers of characters with different attitudes and personalities have doubts about the genuine value of their own desires.
Some novelists who can vividly imagine large numbers of characters are not popular novelists.
Some novelists who can vividly imagine large numbers of characters with different attitudes and personalities have doubts about the genuine value of their own desires.
Some novelists who can vividly imagine large numbers of characters are not popular novelists.
A
Some novelists who can vividly imagine large numbers of characters with attitudes and personalities completely different from those of the others are not popular.
Could be true. We know that all popular novelists can vividly imagine large numbers of characters, but it is possible that some novelists who are not popular can also do this. A necessary condition can always occur without the sufficient condition.
B
Some novelists are incapable of empathizing with people whose goals are completely different from their own.
Could be true. We know that all popular novelists are capably of empathizing with people whose goals are different, but it is possible that some novelists who are not popular are incapable of this. A necessary condition can always occur without the sufficient condition.
C
Some people who lack the ability to empathize with those who have goals completely different from their own are popular novelists.
Must be false. As shown below, this answer choice completely contradicts one of our conditions. If an author is a popular novelist, then that novelist must have the ability to empathize with those who have completely different goals. 
D
No people who have doubts about the value of their own desires are incapable of empathizing with people who have goals that are completely different from their own.
Could be true. We know all people capable of empathizing with those who have completely different goals have doubts about the value of their own desires. It is also possible that people who have doubts about the value of their own desires are also capable of empathizing.
E
Most writers who have doubts about the value of what they desire are popular novelists.
Could be true. We know that all popular novelists have doubts about the value of their own desires. It is also possible that most writers who have these doubts are popular novelists.