Politician: It is wrong for the government to restrict the liberty of individuals, except perhaps in those cases when to fail to do so would allow individuals to cause harm. Yet, to publish something is a liberty, and to offend is not to cause harm.

Summary

If failing to restrict a liberty would not cause harm, then it’s wrong for the government to restrict that liberty. (Contrapositive: if it’s not wrong for the government to restrict a liberty, then it must be that failing to restrict that liberty would cause harm.)

To offend isn’t something that causes harm.

Publishing something is considered a liberty.

Very Strongly Supported Conclusions

Failing to restrict any liberty (such as publishing something) that just involves offending people wouldn’t cause harm.

So it’s wrong for the government to restrict any liberty (such as publishing something) that just involves offending people.

A
It is not right for the government to restrict the publication of literature that is only offensive.

Very strongly supported. Publication is a liberty. So it’s wrong to restrict a publication if failing to restrict it would cause no harm. Offending is something that causes no harm. Thus it’s wrong to restrict a publication if its only issue is that it’s offensive.

B
It is not wrong for the government to restrict individuals’ liberty when failing to do so would allow individuals to cause harm.

Unsupported. We can only conclude when something is wrong, not when it’s not wrong. (B) makes a sufficiency-necessity swap. The stimulus actually tells us that when it’s not wrong for the government to restrict a liberty, then failing to restrict that liberty must cause harm.

C
It is offensive for the government to restrict the liberty of individuals to publish, but it is not harmful.

Unsupported. The stimulus doesn’t suggest what makes something offensive.

D
It is not wrong for individuals to publish literature that is offensive.

Unsupported. We can only conclude when something is wrong, not when it’s not wrong. Also, the stimulus doesn’t suggest what makes something wrong or not wrong for individuals. It only discusses what makes something wrong for the government.

E
It is not right for the government to restrict the publication of literature that does not cause serious harm.

Unsupported. The exception in the stimulus is triggered by any harm, not just serious harm. It’s possible for a publication to not cause serious harm while still causing some harm. So this publication might still trigger the exception, meaning the restriction might be acceptable.


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Monica: The sculpture commissioned for our town plaza has been scorned by the public ever since it went up. But since the people in our town do not know very much about contemporary art, the unpopularity of the work says nothing about its artistic merit and thus gives no reason for removing it.

Hector: You may be right about what the sculpture’s popularity means about its artistic merit. However, a work of art that was commissioned for a public space ought to benefit the public, and popular opinion is ultimately the only way of determining what the public feels is to its benefit. Thus, if public opinion of this sculpture is what you say, then it certainly ought to be removed.

Summary
Hector concludes that, if Monica is correct that public opinion dislikes a recent public sculpture, then the sculpture should be removed. Why? Because public art should benefit the public, and public opinion is the only way to tell what the public feels is beneficial.

Notable Assumptions
Hector uses a measure of what the public feels about a sculpture to indicate the actual benefit of the sculpture. This depends on the assumption that when the public feels a sculpture is not beneficial, that indicates that the sculpture is truly not beneficial.

A
no matter what the public’s opinion is on an issue affecting the public good, that public opinion ought to be acted on, even though the opinion may not be a knowledgeable one
Hector’s argument is based on the idea that the public benefit should be pursued, and relies on equating what the public thinks is beneficial to what is truly beneficial. That’s possible even without following public opinion no matter what—this assumption is unnecessary.
B
Monica’s assessment of the public’s opinion of the sculpture is accurate
Hector’s conclusion is phrased as a conditional, so it doesn’t depend on whether Monica’s assessment is accurate. It just wouldn’t be triggered if Monica’s assessment is inaccurate.
C
if the sculpture had artistic merit, then even a public that was not knowledgeable about modern art would not scorn the sculpture
Hector isn’t concerned with the sculpture’s artistic merit, just whether it benefits the public. That makes this, like (D), both unnecessary and irrelevant.
D
works of art commissioned for public spaces ought not to be expected to have artistic merit
Like (C), this is simply irrelevant, because Hector’s argument doesn’t involve whether or not the sculpture has artistic merit.
E
if the public feels that it does not benefit from the sculpture, this shows that the public does not in fact benefit from the sculpture
Hector infers that the public scorning the sculpture would mean the sculpture was not beneficial, on the basis that the public would not feel the sculpture was beneficial. This requires assuming that public feelings about the sculpture’s benefit actually indicate that benefit.

32 comments