To go further, we can anticipate some specific relationships that would make the argument valid. Any answer that gets us from one of the premises to “not run” could be correct. For example:
In order to run, something must have fewer than two feet on the ground at some point in time.
In order to run, something must accelerate in a way besides merely taking quicker and longer steps.
A
If an animal cannot accelerate, then it cannot run.
B
To run, an animal must have all of its feet off the ground at once.
C
The Asian elephant can walk as quickly as some animals run.
D
It is unusual for a four-legged animal to keep three feet on the ground while walking.
E
All four-legged animals walk with at least two feet on the ground at all times.
A
Highwater Lake is in an area of the mountains that is highly susceptible to acid rain.
B
Prior to the ban, there was practically no fishing at Quapaw Lake.
C
Highwater Lake is much larger than Quapaw Lake.
D
Several other lakes in the Pawpaw mountains have recently had increases in their fish populations.
E
There used to be a greater variety of fish species in Highwater Lake than in Quapaw Lake, but there no longer is.
Ortiz: Are you sure? Do we know whether people living on busy streets have other lifestyle factors that are especially conducive to heart disease?
Ortiz responds that there might be other factors that are the cause of the higher heart disease rate among people who live on busy streets.
A
raising a question about the validity of the study that Merton cites
B
contending that Merton needs to take into account other effects of air pollution
C
claiming that Merton misunderstands a crucial aspect of the study’s findings
D
raising a counterexample to the general conclusion that Merton draws
E
suggesting that alternative explanations for the study’s findings need to be ruled out
Economist: Owing to global economic forces since 1945, our country’s economy is increasingly a service economy, in which manufacturing employs an ever smaller fraction of the workforce. Hence, we have engaged in less and less international trade.
"Surprising" Phenomenon
Why does shifting to a service-based economy with fewer manufacturing jobs lead the economist's country to engage in less international trade?
Objective
The correct answer will be a hypothesis that explains a key difference between service and manufacturing economies. This difference must either explain why service-based economies are less engaged in international trade or why manufacturing-based economies are more engaged in international trade.
A
International trade agreements have usually covered both trade in manufactured goods and trade in services.
This gives us a similarity between trade in manufactured goods and trade in services rather than a difference. Trade agreements may cover both kinds of trade, but we still don’t know why an increasingly service-based economy leads to a decrease in international trade engagement.
B
Employment in the service sector tends to require as many specialized skills as does employment in manufacturing.
(B) gives a similarity between service employment and manufacturing employment. It doesn’t connect either to international trade or provide an explanation for why increased service employment and decreased manufacturing employment lead to decreased international trade engagement.
C
Because services are usually delivered in person, markets for services tend to be local.
This provides a difference in the market for services as opposed to manufactured goods. Because services are delivered in person, markets for services are local. Thus, if an economy is increasingly service-based, it will engage in less international trade.
D
Many manufacturing jobs have been rendered obsolete by advances in factory automation.
This may explain why the country is becoming more service-based, but it doesn’t explain why a service-based economy is less engaged in international trade. We need an answer that links the shift from manufacturing to services with a drop in international trade.
E
Some services can be procured less expensively from providers in other countries than from providers in the economist’s country.
We need an answer that explains why more services in the economist's country lead to less international trade. (E) only says that some services are cheaper abroad but doesn’t connect this to the economist’s country's level of international trade.