A
The temperature of an animal’s retina depends on the amount of light the retina is absorbing.
B
The visual systems of animals whose body temperature matches that of their surroundings are more error-prone in hot surroundings than in cold ones.
C
As the temperature of the retina rises, rhodopsin molecules react more slowly to being struck by photons.
D
Rhodopsin molecules are more sensitive to photons in animals whose retinas have large surface areas than in animals whose retinas have small surface areas.
E
Molecules of rhodopsin are the only pigment molecules that occur naturally in the retina.
A
In authoritarian societies, the metaphor of society as a family is just as pervasive as the society-as-body metaphor.
B
Every society tries to justify the legitimacy of its government through the use of metaphor.
C
The metaphor of society as a human body is sometimes used in nonauthoritarian societies.
D
Authoritarian leaders are always searching for new metaphors for society in their effort to maintain their power.
E
The metaphor of society as a human body governed by a head is rarely used in liberal democracies.
Some insects live for years after reproducing the first time. Some of these insects that live for a longer time help the ecosystem. Bees are one example of these beneficial insects.
A
Survival of the species, rather than of the individual, is the goal of most insect populations.
B
Insects that do not play a vital role in the ecosystem are more likely to die after reproducing for the first time.
C
Most bees live well beyond the onset of the generation that follows them.
D
Those bees that reproduce do not always die soon after reproducing for the first time.
E
Most insects are hatched self-sufficient and do not need to be cared for by adult insects.
Lea: Contemporary art has become big business. Nowadays art has less to do with self-expression than with making money. The work of contemporary artists is utterly bereft of spontaneity and creativity, as a visit to any art gallery demonstrates.
Susan: I disagree. One can still find spontaneous, innovative new artwork in most of the smaller, independent galleries.
Speaker 1 Summary
Lea tells us that art today is more about making money and less about self-expression. She also asserts that the work of artists today doesn’t have any spontaneity or creativity, and that we can see this by going to any art gallery.
Speaker 2 Summary
Susan states that we can still find spontaneous, innovative art today in smaller, independent art galleries.
Objective
We’re looking for a point of disagreement. They disagree about whether there exists artwork today that is spontaneous and creative/innovative. Lea thinks there isn’t. Susan thinks there is.
A
large galleries contain creative artwork
Susan has no opinion. We know she thinks we can find innovative work in most of the smaller, independent galleries. But we don’t know what she thinks about large galleries.
B
most galleries contain some artwork that lacks spontaneity and creativity
Susan has no opinion. We know her opinion about smaller, independent galleries. But we don’t know whether these galleries make up over half of all galleries. So we don’t know what Susan thinks about most galleries.
C
contemporary art has become big business
Susan has no opinion. We don’t know what she thinks about whether art is more about making money or self expression.
D
some smaller art galleries still exhibit creative new artwork
This is a point of disagreement. Lea thinks there isn’t any spontaneous, creative contemporary artwork in any gallery today. Susan thinks we can find this kind of work in most of the smaller, independent galleries.
E
contemporary art, in general, is much less concerned with self-expression than older art is
Susan has no opinion. We don’t know whether she thinks art today is more based on making money or on self expression.
Philosopher: People are not intellectually well suited to live in large, bureaucratic societies. Therefore, people can find happiness, if at all, only in smaller political units such as villages.
Summarize Argument
The philosopher concludes that, if people can find happiness at all, they can only do so in smaller communities, like villages. She supports this by saying that people aren’t intellectually well suited to live in large, bureaucratic societies.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The philosopher’s reasoning is flawed because she makes a key assumption. By concluding that people can only find happiness in small communities because they aren’t intellectually well suited to large ones, the philosopher must assume that people cannot find happiness in a society that they aren’t intellectually well suited to.
She ignores the fact that some people might be able to find happiness in large bureaucratic societies, even though they’re not intellectually well suited to them.
A
no one can ever be happy living in a society in which she or he is not intellectually well suited to live
In order to draw her conclusion, the philosopher takes for granted that people cannot be happy in a society that they aren’t intellectually well suited to. But what if some people can be happy in large, bureaucratic societies, even though they’re not well suited to live there?
B
the primary purpose of small political units such as villages is to make people happy
The author never makes this claim, nor does she take it for granted. She says that “people can find happiness, if at all, only in smaller political units.” She never claims that these communities’ purpose is to make people happy, or even that they will make people happy at all.
C
all societies that are plagued by excessive bureaucracy are large
The author never makes this claim, nor does she take it for granted. She just says that people aren’t well suited to live in large, bureaucratic societies. Maybe small bureaucratic societies exist, or maybe they don’t; it doesn’t affect the argument either way.
D
anyone who lives in a village or other small political unit that is not excessively bureaucratic can find happiness
The author doesn't make this assumption. She says that “people can find happiness, if at all, only in smaller political units.” She never assumes that people in small political units actually can or will find happiness.
E
everyone is willing to live in villages or other small political units
The author doesn’t make this assumption. Her argument isn’t addressing where people may or may not be willing to live. It’s just addressing where people must live in order to potentially find happiness.