Mendota: I disagree. The average income for the lowest quintile may have increased by a greater percentage, but the absolute amount of the increase in average income was surely greater for the highest quintile.
A
change in the economic prosperity of the lowest income quintile relative to the highest is accurately measured by comparing their percentage changes in average income
B
change in the economic prosperity of the lowest income quintile is more accurately measured in terms relative to the highest income quintile than in terms relative only to the lowest income quintile
C
changes in the average income of people in the lowest quintile should ever be compared to changes in the average income of people in the highest quintile
D
there were any improvements at all in the economic situation of those in the lowest income quintile during the ten years being considered
E
the average income of people in the lowest quintile increased by a greater percentage over the last decade than did that of people in the highest quintile
A
Government subsidies to urban manufacturers can ease the problems caused by the migration of people from rural to urban areas.
B
All problems that have economic causes must have economic solutions.
C
A scarcity of agricultural products is a central element of many problems created by urbanization.
D
Problems associated with migration to cities from rural areas are primarily due to trade imbalances between countries.
E
Free trade policies can exacerbate the problems caused by increasing urbanization.
A
impugns the character of the economists rather than addressing their arguments
B
fails to show that the economists mentioned are not experts in the area of consumer prices
C
mistakenly infers that something is not true from the claim that it has not been shown to be so
D
uses evidence drawn from a small sample that may well be unrepresentative
E
attempts to persuade by making an emotional appeal
Fran: By your own admission, “addictive” is broad enough to include other commonly consumed products, such as coffee and soft drinks containing caffeine. But of course the manufacture and sale of these products should not be restricted.
A
The manufacture and sale of all drugs should be regulated by governments.
B
Coffee and soft drinks that contain caffeine should not be regulated by governments.
C
Agreement by scientists that a substance is addictive justifies government restrictions on products containing that substance.
D
Scientists are not proper authorities with respect to the question of whether a given substance is addictive.
E
Scientists and governments have a duty to cooperate in regulating drugs to protect the public health.
There are two kinds of horror stories: those that describe a mad scientist’s experiments and those that describe a monstrous beast. In some horror stories about monstrous beasts, the monster symbolizes a psychological disturbance in the protagonist. Horror stories about mad scientists, on the other hand, typically express the author’s feeling that scientific knowledge alone is not enough to guide human endeavor. However, despite these differences, both kinds of horror stories share two features: they describe violations of the laws of nature and they are intended to produce dread in the reader.
Summary
There are two types of horror stories: stories about mad scientists and stories about monstrous beasts.
In some stories about monstrous beasts, the beast symbolizes the psychological disturbance of the protagonist.
In some stories about mad scientists, the author expresses the feeling that science isn’t enough to guide humanity.
Both kinds of stories describe violations of the laws of nature and are intended to produce dread in the reader.
Notable Valid Inferences
Some stories that describe violations in the laws of nature are also intended to produce dread in the reader.
Some stories that express the author’s feeling about science describe violations in the laws of nature.
Some stories that symbolize the protagonist’s psychological disturbances describe violations of the laws of nature.
A
All descriptions of monstrous beasts describe violations of the laws of nature.
This could be false. We know that all horror stories that are about monstrous beasts describe violations of the laws of nature; maybe stories with monstrous beasts of other genres don’t describe violations of nature.
B
Any story that describes a violation of a law of nature is intended to invoke dread in the reader.
This could be false. We only know about horror stories that describe a violation of nature, not all stories that do so.
C
Horror stories of any kind usually describe characters who are psychologically disturbed.
This could be false. We don’t know that horror stories “of any kind” usually describe characters’ psychological disturbance; we just know that horror stories about monstrous beasts sometimes describe psychological disturbance.
D
Most stories about mad scientists express the author’s antiscientific views.
This could be false. We don’t have any indication that authors have antiscientific views; some authors may just believe that science alone isn’t enough to guide human endeavor.
E
Some stories that employ symbolism describe violations of the laws of nature.
This must be true. Whether a horror story is about a scientist or a beast, it describes a violation in the laws of nature. Some horror stories about beasts use symbolism, so there is overlap between stories that use symbolism and those about violations of natural laws.