A
It is offered as an analogical case that helps to clarify the meaning of the argument’s conclusion.
B
It is a conclusion drawn from the claim that education in the sophisticated use of maps is almost nonexistent.
C
It is part of a distinction drawn in order to support the argument’s conclusion.
D
It is offered as support for the contention that maps have certain relevant similarities to language.
E
It is the conclusion drawn in the argument.
Technician: Laboratory mice that are used for research aimed at improving human health are usually kept in small cages. Such an environment is neither normal nor healthy for mice. Moreover, the reliability of research using animals is diminished if those animals are not in an environment that is normal for them.
Summary
Keeping animals in an environment that isn’t normal for them reduces the reliability of the research that those animals are used in.
Lab mice that are used in research for human health are usually kept in small cages.
Small cages are not a normal or healthy environment for mice.
Very Strongly Supported Conclusions
Keeping lab mice in small cages reduces the reliability of the research that those mice are used in.
The reliability of research for human health using lab mice is diminished because the mice are kept in small cages.
A
The conditions under which laboratory mice are kept are not likely to change in the near future.
Unsupported. We only know that lab mice used in research for human health are usually kept in small cages currently. This might or might not change in the near future.
B
If laboratory mice were kept under better conditions, it would be appropriate to use them for research aimed at improving human health.
Unsupported. The reliability of current health research is reduced because mice are kept in small cages. But we don't know how better conditions would impact the research. The technician also doesn’t mention whether it's "appropriate" to use lab mice for research.
C
Research using laboratory mice that is aimed at improving human health is compromised by the conditions under which the mice are kept.
Very strongly supported. Human health research using lab mice is compromised because the mice are kept in an environment that isn’t normal for them, which reduces the reliability of the research they’re used in.
D
Those who conduct research aimed at improving human health will develop new research techniques.
Unsupported. The technique of using lab mice is unreliable because the mice are kept in small cages. But the technician doesn’t say anything about whether researchers will develop new techniques.
E
Laboratory mice that are used for research that is not directly related to human health are not usually kept in small cages.
Unsupported. We only know that lab mice that are used in research that is directly related to human health are usually kept in small cages. We don’t know anything about the conditions of lab mice used in other research.
A
“production cost” in the definition of dumping refers to the cost of producing the product in the country where it originates or in the country where it is sold
B
there is agreement among experts about whether dumping is harmful to the economy of the country in which products are sold for less than production cost
C
shrimp producers from Country F charge more for shrimp that they sell within their own country than for shrimp that they sell in Country G
D
shrimp producers from Country F will eventually go out of business if they continue to sell shrimp in Country G for less than production cost
E
shrimp producers from Country F are selling shrimp in Country G for considerably less than production cost or just slightly less
A
People’s opinions never change very much.
B
A minority of Denmark’s population feels that banning cigarette advertising would set a bad precedent.
C
Most of Denmark’s population is not seriously concerned about cigarette advertising.
D
Most of Denmark’s population favors some sort of ban on cigarette advertising.
E
Most of Denmark’s population does not smoke cigarettes.
Social critic: The whole debate over the legal right of rock singers to utter violent lyrics misses the point. Legally, there is very little that may not be said. But not everything that may legally be said, ought to be said. Granted, violence predates the rise in popularity of such music. Yet words also have the power to change the way we see and the way we act.
Summary
The debate over the legal right of rock singers to say violent lyrics misses the point. There is legally very little that cannot be said. Not everything that can legally be said ought to be said. Violence came before the popularity of violent lyrics in music. Words can change how we see and how we act.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
There could be a relationship between violent song lyrics and violent views and actions.
A
If rock music that contains violent lyrics is morally wrong, then it should be illegal.
This is anti-supported because the author states that very little speech is illegal and that there is a difference between things that are legal and things that ought to be said. The author doesn’t advocate making any speech illegal.
B
The law should be changed so that the government is mandated to censor rock music that contains violent lyrics.
This is unsupported because the author does not advocate for a change in laws, and the author draws a distinction between what can be said legally versus what ought to be said.
C
Violent rock song lyrics do not incite violence, they merely reflect the violence in society.
This is anti-supported because the author states that words can influence how we act, meaning the author thinks it is possible for violent lyrics to lead to some violent acts.
D
If rock musicians voluntarily censor their violent lyrics, this may help to reduce violence in society.
This is strongly supported because the author states that words, exemplified by violent lyrics, can affect how people act. This means that choosing not to speak violent lyrics could reduce violent acts.
E
Stopping the production of rock music that contains violent lyrics would eliminate much of the violence within society.
This is unsupported because the author concedes that violent acts predate violent lyrics. While the author thinks there is a connection between words and actions, it is unclear that stopping these lyrics would eliminate “much” violence.