This question presumes knowledge of these lessons on Lawgic:
https://classic.7sage.com/lesson/contrapositives-demorgans-law
https://classic.7sage.com/lesson/advanced-negate-some-statements
Don't worry if this question was tough. If you got it right, then you should feel great about yourself!
Essayist: Wisdom and intelligence are desirable qualities. However, being intelligent does not imply that one is wise, nor does being wise imply that one is intelligent. In my own experience, the people I meet have one or the other of these qualities but not both.
Summary
Wisdom and intelligence are desirable.
Someone can be intelligent, but not wise.
Someone can be wise, but not intelligent.
In the speaker’s experience, people she meets have either intelligence or wisdom, but not both.
Notable Valid Inferences
Some people do not have both intelligence and wisdom.
A
Most people are neither intelligent nor wise.
Could be true. It’s possible most, or even all people in the world do not have both wisdom and intelligence. None of the facts indicates that there must be someone who has both wisdom and intelligence.
B
Most people are both intelligent and wise.
Could be true. Although (B) would be false if it were limited to the people the stimulus’s author has met, (B) isn’t limited to those people. Most people in the world could be both — the author just hasn’t met them.
C
No one is both wise and intelligent.
Could be true. The stimulus doesn’t say anything indicating that there must be at least one person who is both wise and intelligent. It’s possible nobody has both wisdom and intelligence.
D
No one is either wise or intelligent.
Must be false. The author said she knows people who have one of the qualities of wisdom or intelligence, but not both. That means there’s at least one person out there who has wisdom or intelligence..
E
Many people are intelligent and yet lack wisdom.
Could be true. The author said she knows people who have wisdom or intelligence, but not both. It’s possible many of those people are intelligent, but don’t have wisdom.
This question presumes knowledge of these lessons on Lawgic:
https://classic.7sage.com/lesson/contrapositives-demorgans-law
https://classic.7sage.com/lesson/advanced-negate-some-statements
Don't worry if this question was tough. If you got it right, then you should feel great about yourself!
Anthropologist: Violence is an extreme form of aggression, and is distinct from the self-expression sufficient for survival under normal conditions. Human beings in certain situations react to unpleasant stimuli with violence—but only because they are conditioned by their culture to react in this manner.
Summary
Violence is a type of aggression—an extreme type. Violence is different from self-expression. Violent reactions are a result of cultural conditioning.
Notable Valid Inferences
This is a MBT Except question. This means all the wrong answers can be logically inferred from the stimulus. The right answer cannot be logically inferred from the stimulus.
Some examples of valid logical inferences from the stimulus are: under normal conditions, it is not necessary for humans to react with violence; there are forms of aggression that are not violent; and there are no causes for violent reactions other than cultural conditioning.
A
Not all aggression is violent.
This must be true. We are told that violence is an extreme type of aggression, which implies there are other types of aggression that are not violent. Violence is only one manifestation of aggression.
B
The self-expression required for survival is generally nonaggressive.
This could be false. We know violence is a type of aggression and violence is different from the self-expression humans need. We don’t know that aggression and the necessary self-expression are distinct. The required self-expression may be a form of aggression that isn’t violent.
C
Some behaviors are influenced by the cultures in which human beings live.
This must be true. The stimulus tells us that cultural conditioning is the reason people react violently. “Some” implies one or more—we have one example given to us in the stimulus, which means this must be true.
D
In normal circumstances, human beings can survive by responding nonviolently.
This must be true. The stimulus tells us that self-expression is enough for survival under normal conditions, and we know that self-expression is distinct from violence.
E
Violent behavior is a product of one’s cultural environment.
This must be true. The stimulus tells us the only cause of violent behavior is cultural conditioning.
Sales manager: Last year the total number of meals sold in our company’s restaurants was much higher than it was the year before. Obviously consumers find our meals desirable.
Accountant: If you look at individual restaurants, however, you find that the number of meals sold actually decreased substantially at every one of our restaurants that was in operation both last year and the year before. The desirability of our meals to consumers has clearly decreased, given that this group of restaurants—the only ones for which we have sales figures that permit a comparison between last year and the year before—demonstrates a trend toward fewer sales.
Summary
The company’s restaurants sold more meals last year than the year before. However, all the restaurants that have been open for the last two years sold fewer meals last year than the year before.
Notable Valid Inferences
There must be a restaurant that was open last year but not the year before. This would explain how, in the last two years, all the other restaurants had lower meal sales while the overall number of meals sold increased.
A
The company opened at least one new restaurant in the last two years.
This must be true. We know meal sales for restaurants open during both years decreased, and we also know that overall meal sales increased. This implies there are restaurants which had an increase in meal sales but which were not open during both years.
B
The company’s meals are less competitive than they once were.
This could be false. It could be that several new locations opened and customers who used to go to the existing locations began going to the new locations, which explains the decrease in individual restaurants’ sales. The meals may be more competitive than ever.
C
The quality of the company’s meals has not improved over the past two years.
This could be false. No information in the stimulus suggests the quality of the company’s meals has not improved over the past two years.
D
The prices of the company’s meals have changed over the past two years.
This could be false. No information in the stimulus suggests the price of the company’s meals has changed over the past two years.
E
The market share captured by the company’s restaurants fell last year.
This could be false. No information in the stimulus suggests the company’s market share decreased, especially as they sold more meals than the year before.