Poetry journal patron: Everybody who publishes in The Brick Wall Review has to agree in advance that if a poem is printed in one of its regular issues, the magazine also has the right to reprint it, without monetary compensation, in its annual anthology. The Brick Wall Review makes enough money from sales of its anthologies to cover most operating expenses. So, if your magazine also published an anthology of poems first printed in your magazine, you could depend less on donations. After all, most poems published in your magazine are very similar to those published in The Brick Wall Review.

Summarize Argument

The author concludes that if the patron’s magazine published an anthology of poems that were previously printed in regular issues of the magazine, it could depend less on donations. This is because most of the poems published in the magazine are similar to those published in a different magazine, the Brick Wall Review, and that magazine makes a lot of money from publishing an anthology.

Notable Assumptions

The argument assumes that what the Brick Wall Review experiences concerning its anthology issue is similar to what the patron’s magazine would experience by publishing an anthology issue.

A
Neither The Brick Wall Review nor the other magazine under discussion depends on donations to cover most operating expenses.

The conclusion is just that the anthology would allow the patron’s magazine to depend less on donations. Even if donations cover only half or less of operating expenses, an anthology might still decrease the need for donations.

B
Many of the poets whose work appears in The Brick Wall Review have had several poems rejected for publication by the other magazine under discussion.

We know most poems published in the patron’s magazine are similar to those in the BWR. That doesn’t imply the poets who publish in the BWR never get rejected by the patron’s magazine. Maybe only 10% of submissions are accepted; they’re still similar to what’s in the BWR.

C
The only compensation poets receive for publishing in the regular issues of the magazines under discussion are free copies of the issues in which their poems appear.

We already know that the poets in the BWR give up the right to monetary compensation for the anthology. So we already know that the cost is nonexistent or negligible when it comes to paying the poets.

D
The Brick Wall Review depends on donations to cover most operating expenses not covered by income from anthology sales.

We’re told the BWR makes enough from the anthology to cover most operating expenses. That acknowledges that there may be operating expenses not covered by the anthology. Pointing out something the author already acknowledges doesn’t weaken the argument.

E
The Brick Wall Review’s annual poetry anthology always contains a number of poems by famous poets not published in the regular issues of the magazine.

This points out a difference that could affect sales between the BWR’s anthology and an anthology made by the patron’s magazine. The BWR anthology contains stuff from famous poets that didn’t appear before. That’s not just an anthology of poems first printed in the magazine.


44 comments

No one with a serious medical problem would rely on the average person to prescribe treatment. Similarly, since a good public servant has the interest of the public at heart, _______.

Summary
If one has a serious medical condition, they would not rely on the average person to prescribe their treatment. Similarly, since a good public servant has the interest of the public at heart… (the right answer will be the conclusion)

Strongly Supported Conclusions
A good public servant should not rely on an average person to make decisions about the public.

A
public servants should not be concerned about the outcomes of public opinion surveys
This is too strong to support. The analogous argument in the stimulus suggests that a public servant should not rely solely on public opinion. It does not imply that they should completely disregard it.
B
the average public servant knows more about what is best for society than the average person does
The stimulus does not say anything to support a comparison between an average public servant and the average person.
C
public servants should be more knowledgeable about the public good than they are
Nothing in this analogous argument directly suggests that a public servant *should* be more knowledgeable. It is only about who they should not rely on when making decisions.
D
public servants should base decisions on something other than the average person’s recommendations
This follows the analogous argument perfectly by emphasizing that public servants, like those with serious medical conditions, should not rely on those without expertise when making decisions.
E
one is a good public servant if one is more knowledgeable about the public good than is the average person
There is nothing in this argument about the conditions that make one a good public servant. The stimulus is about decision-making, not what makes a good public servant.

22 comments

In the past, when there was no highway speed limit, the highway accident rate increased yearly, peaking a decade ago. At that time, the speed limit on highways was set at 90 kilometers per hour (kph) (55 miles per hour). Every year since the introduction of the highway speed limit, the highway accident rate has been at least 15 percent lower than that of its peak rate. Thus, setting the highway speed limit at 90 kph (55 mph) has reduced the highway accident rate by at least 15 percent.

Summarize Argument
The author concludes that the highway speed limit has decreased the highway accident rate by at least 15 percent. This is because highway accidents have been at least 15 percent lower each year than the peak year for accidents, which came before any highway speed limit was introduced.

Notable Assumptions
Based on a mere correlation, the author assumes that the highway speed limit caused the reduction in accidents. This means he doesn’t think the accidents were reduced by some unaccounted-for third factor, such as road repairs or more thorough driving training.

A
In the years prior to the introduction of the highway speed limit, many cars could go faster than 90 kph (55 mph).
If there wasn’t a speed limit, then of course cars could go faster than 90kph. However, it doesn’t matter. We’re looking to weaken the claim that setting the speed limit at 90kph caused the reduction in accidents.
B
Ten years ago, at least 95 percent of all automobile accidents in the area occurred on roads with a speed limit of under 80 kph (50 mph).
We don’t care where other accidents occurred. We’re only interested in highway accidents.
C
Although the speed limit on many highways is officially set at 90 kph (55 mph), most people typically drive faster than the speed limit.
Even if most people speed, the limit may have helped reduce overall speed and thus helped highway safety. Perhaps most people are only speeding by 10kph, whereas before people were regularly driving in excess of 130kph.
D
Thanks to changes in automobile design in the past ten years, drivers are better able to maintain control of their cars in dangerous situations.
At the same time the speed limit came in, changes in car design improved driving safety. Thus, we can’t be sure it was really the speed limit that caused the 15 percent reduction in highway accidents.
E
It was not until shortly after the introduction of the highway speed limit that most cars were equipped with features such as seat belts and airbags designed to prevent harm to passengers.
We don’t care whether people get seriously injured in highway accidents. We only care about the cause behind the reduction in these accidents.

45 comments

Editorial: It is a travesty of justice, social critics say, that we can launch rockets into outer space but cannot solve social problems that have plagued humanity. The assumption underlying this assertion is that there are greater difficulties involved in a space launch than are involved in ending long-standing social problems, which in turn suggests that a government’s failure to achieve the latter is simply a case of misplaced priorities. The criticism is misplaced, however, for rocket technology is much simpler than the human psyche, and until we adequately understand the human psyche we cannot solve the great social problems.

Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
Critics are mistaken when they claim that the government’s priorities are misplaced because we have launched rockets into space instead of solving major social problems. Rocket technology is much easier to understand than the human psyche. And to solve these social problems, we must first understand the human psyche.

Identify Argument Part
This is a premise that supports the conclusion that the criticism from social critics is misplaced.

A
It is cited as a possible objection to the argument’s conclusion.
This is not an objection to the argument’s conclusion. The author agrees with this statement and uses it as a premise to support their conclusion.
B
According to the argument, it is a fact that has misled some social critics.
The argument does not say that this fact “misled” social critics. Rather, it suggests that the critics are wrong in assuming that solving social problems should be easier than rocket launches.
C
It is the argument’s conclusion.
This statement is not the conclusion of the argument. The conclusion is that the criticism of the government is misplaced, and this statement is used as a premise to support it.
D
It is claimed to be a false assumption on which the reasoning that the argument seeks to undermine rests.
The author does not claim that this assumption is false. The author believes this fact and uses it to support its main conclusion. Furthermore, the opposing argument does not rest on this assumption (in fact, it operates without it)
E
It is used by the argument to attempt to undermine the reasoning behind a viewpoint.
This statement is used as a premise to support the author’s main conclusion that social critics' critiques are unfounded. Thus, this undermines the critics' argument that the government should prioritize solving social problems over space exploration.

4 comments

Archaeologist: After the last ice age, groups of paleohumans left Siberia and crossed the Bering land bridge, which no longer exists, into North America. Archaeologists have discovered in Siberia a cache of Clovis points—the distinctive stone spear points made by paleohumans. This shows that, contrary to previous belief, the Clovis point was not invented in North America.

Summarize Argument
The archaeologist concludes that the Clovis point wasn’t invented in North America. This is because there’re Clovis points in Siberia, from which paleohumans came to North America on a land bridge that no longer exists.

Notable Assumptions
The archaeologist assumes that paleohumans never crossed the land bridge back to Siberia. If this were the case, then the Clovis point could’ve been invented in North America before being transported back to Siberia. The archaeologist also assumes that the cache of Clovis points wasn’t transported there at a much later time period, perhaps during trade between Siberian and North American peoples.

A
The Clovis points found in Siberia are older than any of those that have been found in North America.
The Siberian Clovis points predate any Clovis points found in North America. It thus seems likely they were invented in Siberia before the technique was brought over to North America.
B
The Bering land bridge disappeared before any of the Clovis points found to date were made.
This weakens the author’s argument. If the Clovis point was invented in Siberia, how did it make its way to North America after the land bridge had disappeared?
C
Clovis points were more effective hunting weapons than earlier spear points had been.
We don’t care how effective Clovis points were.
D
Archaeologists have discovered in Siberia artifacts that date from after the time paleohumans left Siberia.
Those artifacts were likely created by a different group of humans.
E
Some paleohuman groups that migrated from Siberia to North America via the Bering land bridge eventually returned to Siberia.
This is irrelevant. For this to strengthen the author’s argument, we would need to know paleohumans created the Clovis point in Siberia before going to North America.

47 comments